The War on Drugs Essay - 1124 Words

States are under a burden that seems to be growing out of control. Since â€Å"the war on drugs† the prison population has increased exponentially, and the states are trying to keep up with the burden of housing, feeding, and giving medical treatment to prisoners. The state’s financial burden in becoming great and the government is starting to look at treatment measures that could save money. Substance abuse is an overwhelming factor in crime, for example 50% of homicides involve drugs and alcohol. (Parks, G., Marlatt, A. 1999) Treating offenders for substance problems could make the difference in recidivism rates. There are several models of programs the state should consider when deciding treatment options for offenders. The state†¦show more content†¦2009) Another step in the social learning model is group sessions which are also beneficial to treatment of addicts. Surrounded by people who support and understand an addict is crucial for an addictâ€⠄¢s treatment. Groups tend to hold each other accountable, which teaches responsibility to offenders. Peer groups also steer addicts from â€Å"hanging around† the same crowd that could lead to the same destructive pattern. Programs that involved the social learning model are financially responsible, and could save tax payers money. These programs run correctly can give maximum results with limited funds. Social learning model is the current popular theory used in prison systems and should be approved on for more success. (Van Voorhis, P., Braswell, M Lester, D. 2009) Cognitive –behavioral model is also a good model to start or improve in the penal system. The cognitive-behavioral model is very similar to social learning model, because it teaches you how to change bad behavior. (Wanberg, K. Milkman, K. 1998) Other similarities in both models is the potential of helping inmates with a minimual budget. The councilors teach how to change behavior. The theory is that substance abuse is not the fault of the addict, but it is the addict’s responsibility to change the behavior. Counselors will point out and explain the connection between the destructive behaviors that lead to the abuse of substances such as alcohol and drugs. The use of relapse prevention programs hasShow MoreRelatedThe Drug War On Drugs1378 Words   |  6 Pagesnon-violent drug charges. These people’s lives are now forever changed because of a mistake they made. This mistake is continually made every single day and Americans are being punished in extreme ways for a non violent crime. The United States needs to decimalize all drugs because the drug war is costly, causes high incarceration rates, and isn’t effective as European drug solutions. In the 20th century, the United States government led a major renewed surge in drug prohibition called the War on DrugsRead MoreThe War On Drugs And Drugs Essay972 Words   |  4 PagesThe war on drugs have been a critical issue that has repeatedly held a great debate topic. It was in the 1906 when the first act against drug was put into effect with the Pure Food and Drug Act which required all over-the-counter medication to have label of its ingredients. Under President Nixon the first executive branch office to coordinate drug policy was formed and the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act was put into place. Two years following that the Drug Enforcement AgencyRead MoreThe War On Drugs And Drugs1486 Words   |  6 PagesThe War on Drugs Despite an estimated $1 trillion spent by the United States on the â€Å"War on Drugs†, statistics from the US Department of Justice (2010) has confirmed that the usage of drugs has not changed over the past 10 years. Approximately $350 billion is spent per year on the â€Å"war on drugs†, only $7 billion is spent on prevention programs by the federal government. The war on drugs is more heavily focused on how to control crime, instead of how to prevent it. Not only is the war on drugs costlyRead MoreThe War On Drugs And Drugs Essay1549 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Drug has been a serious issue in our society and criminal justice institutes due to many problems associated, including the violence, negative health benefits, social disorganization, and other negative consequences. The police agencies have adopted a policy called â€Å"The War on Drugs†, as a response to the rising drug problems. The War on Drugs has popularized variety policies and practices that significantly increased the overall number of drug arrests, and other drug related offenses(TheRead MoreThe War On Drugs And Drugs1199 Words   |  5 PagesThere was so much information on this topic of the War on Drugs that I am still wrapping my mind around it. It went into such detail about the war on drugs that are never talked about. We always hear â€Å"just say no.† I know that drugs are a very big problem in our society and even the whole world but I never knew to what extent it really was. I found it very interesting how Johann Hari interviewed these people who were in the middle of the drug war and their stories. It really opened my eyes to whatRead MoreThe War On Drugs And Drugs808 Words   |  4 PagesWhose interests are advanced by sustaining the war on drugs? Police seems to gain a lot by sustaining the â€Å"war on drug†. Drugs are a significant force in police deviance, with as many as half of all convictions in police corruption cases involving drug-related crimes. Corruption in law enforcement, courts, and corrections can be explained through egoism selfish desires for personal gain. In other cases, however, corruption might be better understood as stemming from socially hedonistic incentives;Read MoreThe War On Drugs And Drugs1821 Words   |  8 PagesThe war on drugs is a long going battle and it has created many issues all around the world and as of today the highest prison population can be found in the United States due to drug charges. About half of the inmates with in federal and state prisons can be found on drug convictions. Those charges can range from possession of an illicit substance to drug trafficking that surprisingly continues to be an issue in federal and state prisons. How can United States put an end to t he war on drugs? Read MoreThe War On Drugs And Drugs2027 Words   |  9 Pagesincreased federal spending in an attempt to curb the number of drug users and the sale and importation of illicit narcotics the war on drugs began in earnest. The war on drugs has also played a major role in politics as well as having a significant impact on the economy. While there are many arguments in favor for the war on drugs and an equal number of arguments against it I will attempt to show an unbiased look at the war on drugs and drug prohibition and how it has affected society as a whole. SinceRead MoreWar On Drugs And Drugs1952 Words   |  8 PagesWar on Drugs The war on drugs has come a long way without any remarkable success. America has been dealing with the drug menace for many years to a point that four of its presidents have declared the war on drugs part of their main agenda. Sadly, it has been a lost war in various perspectives. Drug abuse continues to be a daily topic with drug abusers flooding not only the American society but also many countries’ hospitals, prisons and courts. The drug trade has continued to cause violent crimesRead MoreThe Drug War On Drugs Essay2030 Words   |  9 Pagesthe â€Å"War on Drugs† sought to control the sale and use of psychoactive drugs as well as promote access to treatment for those who abuse and misuse these substances (Bagley, 1988; Elkins, 1990). Policies implemented prohibited the possession and distribution of narcotics (e.g. marijuana, cocaine, heroin); the punitive policies, which often resulted in hefty fines and prison sentences for violators, ultimately prompted the emer gence of a black market, more potent and lethal drugs, synthetic drugs as well

My Career As An Educator - 1072 Words

When I started at to real college I had some experience with in the field of special-education but not the knowledge that I have accumulated during the times of my masters program. I have developed throughout my time at Touro college New skills new strategies that will help me throughout my teaching career. It has help me open my eyes to a whole other side of special ed that I did not know existed. Due to all this new knowledge I have not found it difficult to transfer from a teacher assistant to a teacher. I feel like I have the tools and the encouragement to move forward in my teaching career. My philosophy has not changed but has more meaning to it. I believe that all children have the ability to learn and attain great independent†¦show more content†¦I just incorporating families in activities or just inviting them in for the day helps grow a better bond between my students and myself. I learn how to incorporate technology within a special-needs environment. This was something that was not familiar to me at all. Now I see the benefits of using technology with special needs children especially nonverbal ones. You have shown me that there are many different ways of communication so even if the child cannot speak they can still relate to the lesson at hand. Throughout the time in my practicum I learned hands on in different types of environment which taught me new methods of modification. It has showed me how a child is being taught by a teacher that understands them modifies for them can progress on to the next level and you will see the growth not only when they come in but as they proceed to the next level. Within any lesson plans after it has been completed a teacher can point out the strengths and limitations of each lesson. For my Saint Patrick day s lesson plan I was taught in a 12 12 classroom setting had several limitations. The time span that I had with them before was very limited so I I just started to create a bond with the student I also think that the cooking activity needed to be better modified so that the nonverbal kids had more of an opportunity to interact. Another limitation will be the lack of technology within theShow MoreRelatedMy Career As An Educator863 Words   |  4 PagesMore than ten years ago, I began my career as an educator in Queen Anne’s County, Maryland; a suburban area of limited cultural or ethnical diversity. A few years later I, transitioned to Anne Arundel County, Maryland where I worked at a Title I school in Annapolis, this school was an urban suburban school with more cultural, ethnical, and social economical diversity. Currently, I work in Prince George’s County, Maryland, at an urban school located in Hyattsville, with a large amount of culturalRead MoreMy Career As An Educator947 Words   |  4 Pagesthis and be able to create a learning environment for the needs of all. I accept that my philosophy is mine and keep my mind open to the knowledge of others in my career as an educator. Therefore, I consider myself to be eclectic in my methods of education. As a lifelong learner, I am reliant on my teachers to help me develop new theories and methods to help my individual student succeed in their educational career. I will be well educated in preschool development and early education curriculum toRead MoreMy Career As A Nurse Educator For A Small Community Hospital Essay1144 Words   |  5 PagesMy nursing career began in 1980. Armed with a BSN, my early career was spent as a staff nurse on the medical-surgical units of two, large teaching hospitals in Boston. When my knowledge, skill, and confidence gre w, I then became the nurse manager of an in-patient unit of the health service of a large, prestigious university. In addition to direct patient care, I had leadership and administrative roles as well as mentoring new nurses. I later transitioned into the role of Occupational HealthRead MorePersonal Assessment of Strengths and Weaknesses1851 Words   |  7 Pagescontribution to society. It is for this reason that I would like to pursue a career in higher education in regards to the nursing profession. Assessment of strengths and weaknesses Personally, strengths and weakness will vary throughout my professional career. In particularly, developing a commitment to life long learning will help mitigate or abate many of the negative influences that may occur as a health care educator. Currently, the health care industry is undergoing fundamental change. RegulationRead MoreIn The Book, Careers In The Classroom By Sylvia Mei-Ling1328 Words   |  6 Pagesthe book, Careers in the Classroom by Sylvia Mei-Ling Yee, the author discusses four diverse types of schools found in the United States, showing what it is like to teach in those types of schools and what causes an educator to decide to stay or leave the profession. Through my reading, I learned about the profession and why people choose it, I recognized many issues and situations I did not yet know occurred in the classroom and realized how this information will help me in my future career. I learnedRead MoreA Reflection On Teaching Philosophy961 Words   |  4 PagesA teaching philosophy statement is a document that educators prepare to express their personal ideas regarding the teaching role. Often used as part of the application packet for an academic position and in teaching portfolios for tenure and promotion reviews, teaching philosophy statements allow educators to reflect on their teaching practices and validate their success in teaching. Teaching philosophies can guide academic nurse educators by ensuring that they are using varied pedagogies that stimulateRead MoreEssay on Educational Goals and Philosophy1072 Words   |  5 PagesPhilosophy Most individuals can recall when they were very young saying, â€Å"When I grow up, I want to be a . . . † For some people, over the course of growing up their ambitions changed several times. But for many, they ended up in a career which was a life long desire, goal, or ambition. Today, students must begin to think about their future on a more serious note than that of childhood during the latter part of their middle school years. This is during their eighth grade year usuallyRead MorePersonal Statement : Special Education855 Words   |  4 Pagessome people who chooses to become an educator. As they journey through college, to pursue the knowledge needed for their career, their passion leads them to special education. These teachers fine this career to be job satisfying, have empathy for the children, and the vacancy of the position viability. Not all teacher feel the same however, over time their dissatisfied with their job and leave because their brunt out. One of the reason people chose a career in special education is job satisfactionRead MoreMy Personal Career Goals : Dr. Julie K Biddle863 Words   |  4 PagesThey are educators, administrators, parents, and others whose leadership thinking and actions promote meaningful learning. It is our duty as educators to facilitate a nurturing learning facility offering learning through play via developmental appropriate practices. As an educator, I feel the most valuable thing I’ve learned that I feel will help me fulfill my personal career goals is to establish effective communication amongst co-workers and colleagues first and foremost. As educators and leadersRead MoreUnit 7 Assignment Essay1076 Words   |  5 PagesMcCoy July 2, 2014 Introduction Special Educators are greatly needed in our school systems all over the United States. It takes a special person to be a Special Educator. In most jobs you are in need of patience, but with this career a requirement is patience. Some people are cut out for this career and some are not. Emotionally and physically this job can take a toll on someone. In this paper I will discuss what exactly is a Special Educator, what education is needed to become one, salary

Cheating on College Examinations Free Essays

Any form of cheating is a form of dishonesty. It is an act of accomplishing something in an unethical behavior. Cheating is used in any kinds of exams, especially college exams. We will write a custom essay sample on Cheating on College Examinations or any similar topic only for you Order Now Does it really happen? Sure it does. We argue that many college students cheat during examinations because of several reasons. They can be nervous that is why they cheat, it can also be a reason of time management wherein some college students also work while taking time to attend school classes or, maybe they are Just lazy enough to study ahead of examination date. There are a lot of reasons why cheating on college exams happens and along with it, there are numerous effects out of cheating. Whatever the reason behind cheating, still it is an act of dishonesty and unethical conduct; besides the reality that cheating on college exams is also cheating yourself. Cheating on College Exams One of the most common reasons why student cheats on college exams is that he just forgot to study, so it is more likely that he will cheat, but as an effect, there is a high possibility that his teacher might catch him while doing it or even worse, fail the xam after cheating because of different set of examinations. Another common reason for cheating is to complete the course as shortly as doable. In todays world, once you look into the word cheating you’ll be able to realize several definitions and meanings for it. Everyone contains a completely different definition for the word cheating. Students will always find the way to cheat with the use of reference materials or by obtaining the solutions ahead of time to be ready for a closed book test. Some students pay others to complete their schoolwork. Cheating could be a concern for all colleges and teachers. Students forever find the way to avoid the results of cheating, notwithstanding how rigorously colleges work to stop it. For some students, cheating is an easy way to get better grades. Although several students assume that their individual dishonesty won’t have an effect on anyone else, negative outcomes would still have impacts towards their personal knowledge. One impact of student cheating is that they are not learning accordingly. Some students get into the cheating habits, they do not study and in the long run, this habit affects their career development. Once the student decides to cheat, he could or might not understand he material. What a student fails to understand is that the material that the course is covering could be a necessity to use in daily life. Whatever the student doesn’t learn within the course as a result of cheating can have an effect on them to get an employment with a decent pay, as a result of the fact that the student never learned the course material. Once a student takes an exam, its results are supposed to show the amount of information learned that the student has on the material that his course offers. In fact, there would be no employer who will keep someone that has no he numerous negative outcomes that cheating provides aside from not being true and honest to their self, which surely will have negative effect on students. Cheating on college exams has an effect on students one time or another throughout their school life. As mentioned, no good comes from college exam cheating because in doing this, you are cheating yourself. Once caught during college exams, a consequence comes in. As a result, a student may receive the maximum punishment their teacher can give, especially those who are hard on their students. On the other hand, there are teachers who are quite lenient with their students. Minimal unishment such as warning may be given to the student as an effect of cheating. However, cheating on college exam is commonly occurring if the student lacks effort with their studies. Students may not be able to attend his class due to some reasons, leading them to cheat during examination. Whatever the reasons for absence are, the point is they are not likely to pass through their own knowledge besides the fact that it will be more complex for them to cope with the upcoming lectures. That reality, which shows students who want to pass on the subjects that they find difficult for them, is also another cause why they cheat on college exam. There are times that a student, no matter how hard he studies, still finds it hard to cope with lectures in a specific subject causing him to cheat during exams. A student may also be forced to cheat if there is a parental expectation regarding his grades. Another common reason why they cheat on college exam is because of the other students who also cheat, especially when they found out that the head of the class also cheats making them realize that cheating will give them better grades. If this is the case an effect would be more and more students will be attempted to cheat during exams rovided that the first one who committed it was not caught. Conclusion Cheating on college exams is one of the most common behaviors that some students do. A cheater may find it helpful as it may lessen his or her effort to pass the exam, hence getting higher grade is possible without an effort if they cheat. Yes, it can help a student, but it will Just be a temporary help because cheating on exams will never help them learn, which is opposed to their primary purpose of attending college course. Additionally, cheating without learning is like admitting your weakness and letting the learning opportunity pass through your hands. 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The Mexican War Essay Example For Students

The Mexican War Essay The Mexican WarThe United States in 1846 was not justifiedin going to war with Mexico. The United States did not have properjustification to respond with violence against the Mexican government. The war with Mexico was also a product of the United States belief ofmanifest destiny. Polks over ambition to seize new territory fromthe Mexicans and disappointment over their refusal to sell him Californiaalso possibly played a factor in his willingness to wage war against Mexico. The United States under the leadership of president Polk clearly provokedMexico into attacking US troops. All these reasons show that theUS had no business starting a war with Mexico for territory that was rightfullytheirs. The war with Mexico came at a time whenmuch of the country had strong feelings of manifest destiny. Manifestdestiny is the belief that fate had preordained the US to expand from theAtlantic to the Pacific oceans and from Canada to the Rio Grande river. This idea which was coined by John O Sullivan was very popular in the1840s. This ideal had strong influence and was one reason that theirwas so much popular support for the US expansion west. This idealwhile nationalistic did not give us the right to go into Mexico and seizeland which was rightfully theirs in the first place. They had theright to expel any US citizens that were living on their countrys landespecially if they where not abiding by their laws. This alone makeseven the annexation of Texas not completely just. The US vision ofmanifest destiny helped to win the publics support for the Mexican war. Yet the public was misled by this sense of manifest destiny and those thatdid support it supported an unjust war. President Polk during his presidency lustedfor more land than the country had ever before controlled. Not onlydid he capture Texas but also California and Oregon. While attemptingto gain California through peaceful means he sent John Slidell to MexicoCity to offer the Mexicans up to $25million dollars for California yetthis offer was rejected by the Mexicans as insulting. This led Polkto frustration and his willingness to try backhanded and sneaky new waysto get the Mexicans to give him the territories that he desired. This showed that Polk was consumed with greed for new territory. He no longer cared how he claimed his no territory. Polk was consumedwith a need to make his campaign promises a reality and to make the prophecyof manifest destiny a reality. His greed for land is evident in hisbehind the back tactics that he attempted to employ against the Mexicans. He also was seeking a form of revenge for the deaths at the Alamo and therefusal of his proposal to buy California from the Mexicans. Polkwas so greedy for land that he was willing to risk blood shed and deathof his citizens for revenge against the rejection of a proposed treatyand his want for manifest destiny. Quite possibly the strongest of all reasonsthat the US was unjust in going to war with Mexico in 1846 was that theUS forces were in the disputed territory too purposely insight the Mexicansinto starting the conflict so the US would look like they were the goodguys in the incident. The US troops were commanded to cross overthe Nueces river to the banks of the Rio Grande. This was a moveto get the Mexicans to attack US troops on land that was claimed by bothcountries. This did not work out as planned at first and the Mexicanswouldnt attack. This worried Polk so he went to his cabinet. .ufd9bb519c0129525fa4cd681e0f6493f , .ufd9bb519c0129525fa4cd681e0f6493f .postImageUrl , .ufd9bb519c0129525fa4cd681e0f6493f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufd9bb519c0129525fa4cd681e0f6493f , .ufd9bb519c0129525fa4cd681e0f6493f:hover , .ufd9bb519c0129525fa4cd681e0f6493f:visited , .ufd9bb519c0129525fa4cd681e0f6493f:active { border:0!important; } .ufd9bb519c0129525fa4cd681e0f6493f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufd9bb519c0129525fa4cd681e0f6493f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufd9bb519c0129525fa4cd681e0f6493f:active , .ufd9bb519c0129525fa4cd681e0f6493f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufd9bb519c0129525fa4cd681e0f6493f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufd9bb519c0129525fa4cd681e0f6493f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufd9bb519c0129525fa4cd681e0f6493f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufd9bb519c0129525fa4cd681e0f6493f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufd9bb519c0129525fa4cd681e0f6493f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufd9bb519c0129525fa4cd681e0f6493f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufd9bb519c0129525fa4cd681e0f6493f .ufd9bb519c0129525fa4cd681e0f6493f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufd9bb519c0129525fa4cd681e0f6493f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: BioEthics EssayHe told them on May 9, 1846 that he was to propose to congress that hewanted them to declare war on Mexico on the grounds that one: unpaid claimsand two: Slidells rejection. These reasons were flimsy at best. But luckily for Polk word of the blood shed he had been waiting for arrivedthat evening. His cry for war was quickly echoed in congress andsoon the declaration of war was passed. Yet this provoked attackwas unjust and should have been seen as such by the US congress. This was clearly an act of aggression that was provoked by the US. To conclude the United States was unjustin its declaration of war on Mexico in 1846. The US was clouded withdreams of Manifest Destiny. It had a president that was obsessedwith fulfilling campaign promises and greed for new land. Also Polkwas looking for revenge for the denial of the proposal for buying Californiaas was evident in his original reasons for declaring war on Mexico. Also the US provoked this boarder dispute into the two-year war that itbecame by purposely inciting the Mexicans into a fight. All thesereasons are the evidence that the US was not justified in declaring waron Mexico.

KWAskinganAnalyticalQuestion Essays - Human Behavior,

Asking an Analytical Question An important step in writing academic essays is to ask a good analytical question, one that poses a challenging way to address the central text(s) you will write about. Establishing that question won't be your first step- you'll need to do some observing and annotating, and even some interpreting, as a way of developing the question itself. But focusing on what that question might be early in your analysis helps you approach your essay with something to explore, an idea to discover (that will inform your thesis) for both you and your readers. Think of the question as something you're truly interested in exploring as you read, an exploration you want to guide your reader through, since not everyone reading the text will come away with the same impressions and interpretations you do. (One of the truisms of writing: if you're not discovering something in the writing of your essay, your readers probably aren't either.) A good analytical question: (1) speaks to a genuine dilemma in the text. In other words, the question focuses on a real confusion, ambiguity or grey area of the text, about which readers will conceivably have different reactions, opinions, or interpretations. (2) yields an answer that is not obvious. In a question such as "Why did Hamlet leave Denmark?" there's nothing to explore; it's too specific and can be answered too easily. (3) suggests an answer complex enough to require a whole essay's worth of argument. If the question is too vague, it won't suggest a line of argument (e.g., "Why are there so many references to acting in the play?"). The question should elicit analysis and argument rather than summary or description. (4) can be answered by the text, rather than by generalizations or by copious external research (e.g., "Why did Shakespeare depict madness in the way that he did?"). Tips to keep in mind: . "How" and "why" questions generally require more analysis than "who/ what/when/where." . Good analytical questions can highlight patterns/connections, or contradictions/dilemmas/ problems. . Good analytical questions can also ask about some implications or consequences of your analysis. Thus the question should be answerable, given the available evidence, but not immediately, and not in the same way by all readers. Your thesis should give at least a provisional answer to the question, an answer that needs to be defended and developed. Your goal is to help readers understand why this question is worth answering, why this feature of the text is problematic, and to send them back to the text with a new perspective or a different focus.

Social Dialect Definition and Examples

Social Dialect Definition and Examples In sociolinguistics, social dialect is a variety of speech associated with a particular social class or occupational group within a society. Also known as a sociolect,  group idiolect, and class dialect. Douglas Biber distinguishes two main kinds of dialects in linguistics: Geographic dialects are varieties associated with speakers living in a particular location, while social dialects are varieties associated with speakers belonging to a given demographic group (e.g., women versus men, or different social classes)(Dimensions of Register Variation, 1995). Examples and Observations Even though we use the term social dialect or sociolect as a label for the alignment of a set of language structures with the social position of a group in a status hierarchy, the social demarcation of language does not exist in a vacuum. Speakers are simultaneously affiliated with a number of different groups that include region, age, gender, and ethnicity, and some of these other factors may weigh heavily in the determination of the social stratification of language variation. For example, among older European-American speakers in Charleston, South Carolina, the absence of r in words such as bear and court is associated with aristocratic, high-status groups (McDavid 1948) whereas in New York City the same pattern of r-lessness is associated with working-class, low-status groups (Labov 1966). Such opposite social interpretations of the same linguistic trait over time and space point to the arbitrariness of the linguistic symbols that carry social meaning. In other words, it is not r eally the meaning of what you say that counts socially, but who you are when you say it. (Walt Wolfram, Social Varieties of American English. Language in the USA, ed. by E. Finegan. Cambridge University Press, 2004) Language and Gender Across all social groups in Western societies, women generally use more standard grammatical forms than men and so, correspondingly, men use more vernacular forms than women... [I]t is worth noting that although gender generally interacts with other social factors, such as status, class, the role of the speaker in an interaction, and the (in)formality of the context, there are cases where the gender of the speaker seems to be the most influential factor accounting for speech patterns. In some communities, a womans social status and her gender interact to reinforce differential speech patterns between women and men. In others, different factors modify one another to produce more complex patterns. But in a number of communities, for some linguistic forms, gender identity seems to be a primary factor accounting for speech variation. The gender of the speaker can override social class differences, for instance, in accounting for speech patterns. In these communities, expressing masculine or feminine identity seems to be very important. (Janet Holmes, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th ed. Routledge, 2013) Standard British English as a Sociolect The standard variety of a given language, e.g. British English, tends to be the upper-class sociolect of a given central area or regiolect. Thus Standard British English used to be the English of the upper classes (also called the Queens English or Public School English) of the Southern, more particularly, London area. (Renà © Dirven and Marjolyn Verspoor, Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics. John Benjamins, 2004) LOL-Speak When two friends created the site I Can Has Cheezburger?  in 2007, to share cat photos with funny, misspelled captions, it was a way of cheering themselves up. They probably weren’t thinking about long-term sociolinguistic implications. But seven years later, the cheezpeep community is still active online, chattering away in LOLspeak, its own distinctive variety of English. LOLspeak was meant to sound like the twisted language inside a cat’s brain, and has ended up resembling a down-South baby talk with some very strange characteristics, including deliberate misspellings (teh, ennyfing), unique verb forms (gotted, can haz), and word reduplication (fastfastfast). It can be difficult to master. One user writes that it used to take at least 10 minutes â€Å"to read adn unnerstand† a paragraph. (â€Å"Nao, it’z almost like a sekund lanjuaje.†) To a linguist, all of this sounds a lot like a sociolect: a language variety that’s spoken within a social group, like Valley Girl–influenced ValTalk or African American Vernacular English. (The word dialect, by contrast, commonly refers to a variety spoken by a geographic group- think Appalachian or Lumbee.) Over the past 20 years, online sociolects have been springing up around the world, from Jejenese in the Philippines to Ali G Language, a British lingo inspired by the Sacha Baron Cohen character. (Britt Peterson, The Linguistics of LOL. The Atlantic, October 2014) Slang as a Social Dialect If your kids are unable to differentiate among a nerd (social outcast), a dork (clumsy oaf) and a geek (a real slimeball), you might want to establish your expertise by trying these more recent (and in the process of being replaced) examples of kiduage: thicko (nice play on sicko), knob, spasmo (playground life is cruel), burgerbrain and dappo. Professor Danesi, who is author of Cool: The Signs and Meanings of Adolescence, treats kids slang as a social dialect that he calls pubilect. He reports that one 13-year-old informed him about a particular kind of geek known specifically as a leem in her school who was to be viewed as particularly odious. He was someone who just wastes oxygen. (William Safire, On Language: Kiduage. The New York Times Magazine, Oct. 8, 1995)

Comparison of Wesley and Whitfield on Grace and Predestination Essay - 1

Comparison of Wesley and Whitfield on Grace and Predestination - Essay Example Prior to his departure, Whitefield’s sermon dwelling on â€Å"On the Nature and Necessity of Our Regeneration or New Birth in Christ Jesus† based on 2 Corinthians 5: 17 â€Å"if any man is in Christ he is a new creature.† In his sermon of 1737, â€Å"the doctrine of our generation, new birth in Christ Jesus† can be regarded as one of the most fundamental. Whitefield warned that it is a â€Å"fatal mistake† to separate what God had inseparably joined together, and anticipate being justified by Christ devoid of sanctification.1 Whitefield’s doctrine paralleled those of John Wesley’s sermon entitled â€Å"Salvation by Faith.† Wesley concluded that the call to the righteousness, which permeates the Old and New Testament, was the prominent theme of Scripture. Whitefield sermons demonstrated that he agreed wholly with the Wesley that â€Å"nothing but a guarantee that people are born again that all are members of Christ united to Him by one and to the Holy Spirit that He was actuated† can fulfill the heart of man.2 The three also concurred on the nature and degree of the sanctification started through the work of the Holy Spirit within regeneration. When George Whitefield left England in 1739, he was appreciated as a leader of the evangelical awakening. Whitefield handed over his followers to John Wesley’s; nevertheless, when he returned in 1741, Whitefield found that a majority of his spiritual children were hostile to the extent that they sent threatening messages to him that God will speedily destroy him. This emanated from by the fact that, on Whitefield’s departure, Wesley had published a sermon titled â€Å"Free Grace,† which professed to be founded upon, Roman 8:32. John Wesley’s sermon, published in August 1739 and attempted to demonstrate how God’s Grace is â€Å"free in all and free for all.†

Customer Service Representative Policy Assignment

Customer Service Representative Policy - Assignment Example Customer care representatives should ensure they offer clients beyond their anticipations if they intend to retain them in the business and continue to enjoy greater returns in the business. Therefore, customer care representatives should establish close ties with clients in order to promote customer loyalty to the company. Managers should establish a policy of providing training to the customer care representatives in order to ensure excellent services and products to their clients. The customer service representatives in the hospitality industry should promote unity at work in order to ensure excellent delivery of services to their clients (Kahle & Riley 2004). This is because when employees work together as a team, they will be able to solve any issue that may be affecting their clients, and also instil confidence in the visitors hence promoting customer loyalty. The business policy should ensure that all needs of the clients are giving priority to anything else. The management should train their customer care staff to take into consideration all the issues raised by the clients no matter how petty they seem to be. This will not only make clients feel appreciated but will also make them get more than what they anticipated. Failure to provide clients with products and services that suit their specifications will cause them to seek the same elsewhere (Kitchen & Pelsmacker 2004). In addition, customer care representatives should ensure that clients perceive the o rganization to be what it claims to be. They should inquire from the clients about the nature of services and products they expect to get from the company and also ask them to suggest what they would like to be included in the products and services in order to satisfy their needs. The customer service policy should state the objectives of the customer service. The customer care should offer excellent services to their clients and respond to their requests promptly (Barry 2007). The policy should offer an opportunity for training the customer care representatives and define the approach for rewarding them based on the effort they put to serve the clients.  

The Worst Day of My Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Worst Day of My Life - Essay Example My brother told me that there was an earthquake in the middle of the night which had shaken the whole house and left it in clutter. I was amazed because I did not move one bit and thus could not recall anything in the previous night. I made my way towards the washroom to find out that there was no water in the entire building as the overhead tank had leaked during the night because of the earthquake. I somehow or the other made it to college within the next 1 hour. There I found out that the class had been delayed until noon. This was a horrid time for me because I had to wait for about 3 hours before the studies could start. I decided to text message my friends and tell them about the re-scheduling of the class. But what was in store for me was something not less than horrible. I had forgotten my cell phone at home. It was later that I realized that all my friends knew that the class would be re-scheduled and hence the reason that literally no one showed up for the class at the designated time. I was left speechless, thanks to the horrible beginning of the day. By then, I had realized that there was something totally insane about the day and which was being experienced by me till then. I went to the cafeteria to get myself some refreshments but I found out that the cafeteria was out of stock on just about everything. I could only purchase chewing gums as these were available and so I did. Chewing gums were an interesting pastime because I do not recall having so many of them at a single time. Noon struck on the college clock and my friends started pouring in. The class finally started. The professor told us that there was a surprise test in store for us which was the last thing on my mind at that time. I had already lost all hope for the day but somehow or the other I took the test. I had forgotten to bring my favorite ball pen resulting in a serious scolding from my lecturer. He told me how naà ¯ve I was in forgetting on my pen and what I would do in the future if I did not stop making such mistakes. I realized my entire future was being carved by my lecturer for a mere pen, but then again that was the kind of day it was in essence.  

Paracetamol Synthesis Experiment

Paracetamol Synthesis Experiment N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanamide, otherwise known as Paracetamol or acetaminophen depending on where you live in the world, is one of the most widely used over the counter drugs. It has the molecular formula C8H9NO2. It is an analgesic (pain reliever) and also an antipyretic (fever reliever). For these reasons it is used to relieve a person of mild to moderate pain, for example; toothache, headaches or symptoms of a cold and to control fever (high temperature, also known as pyrexia). For pain relief it works by interfering with certain chemicals in the body called prostaglandins. Prostaglandins were first discovered in the 1930’s from human semen, thinking the chemicals had come from the prostate gland he named them prostaglandins, but it’s since been established they are synthesised in every cell in the body. They act as chemical messengers like hormones but do not move to other sites, they stay in the cell that they were synthesised in. Prostaglandins have a variety of p hysiological effects, one being that they are released in response to pain or injury, paracetamol works by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins making the body less aware of the pain or injury. Paracetamol reduces temperature by acting on an area of the brain called the hypothalamus, responsible for regulating body temperature. The history of paracetamol is an interesting one, at the approach of the 20th century, the discovery and synthesis of medicines was rather arbitrary, with scientists generally just testing new compounds on humans straight away and then observing if it had positive (or negative) effects. The story of paracetamol starts with the first aniline (also known as phenylamine or aminobenzene) derivative to be found to possess analgesic and antipyretic properties, acetanilide. Aniline is an organic compound with the molecular formula Aniline (1) C6H5NH2, shown above, consists of a phenyl group attached to an amino group. The new potential medicine acetanilide had been synthesised simply by the aniline gaining a secondary amide group, by reacting the aniline with ethanoic anhydride, ethanoic acid would also be produced. The reaction is shown below. C6H5NH2 + (CH3CO)2O → C6H5NHCOCH3 + CH3COOH Acetanilide (2) The discovery was soon published and acetanilide medication was soon in production in 1886, remaining in use for several years due to how cheap it was to produce. But although acetanilide was shown to act as being effective in reducing fever and relieving mild pain, a search for less toxic aniline derivatives started because of some of the awful side effects acetanilide had, for instance cyanosis (appearance of blue or purple coloration of the skin due to tissues near the skin being low in oxygen) caused by it deactivating haemoglobin in erythrocytes. The search led to a new derivative that was antipyretic and analgesic and was less toxic than acetanilide called N-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)ethanamide. Marketed in 1887 under the name phenacetin, it has remained in use ever since but has declined in its use due to its adverse affects on the liver. It has the chemical formula C10 H13NO2. N-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)ethanamide (3) In 1893 Joseph von Mering improved on phenacetin producing paracetamol, but mistakenly thought it had the same adverse effects as acetanilide. In the 1940’s it was realised that paracetamol was a major metabolite of phenacetin, it was then considered to quite possibly be the component that caused phenacetin to have the desired effects and that the negative effects were caused by a minor metabolite released. Then in 1953 paracetamol hit the markets, being promoted as superior to aspirin in that it was safe for children and with people with ulcers. Structural equation showing Phenacitin being turned into its metabolites in the body, as you can see from the diagram, the main metabolite is paracetamol. (4) Paracetamol is made by many different pharmaceutical manufacturers, each giving their products different brand names. In the UK currently there are more than ninety over the counter products containing paracetamol. Different brands may contain different amounts of paracetamol per dose, it will be stated on the packaging, usually in milligrams. Sometimes it may be combined with other medicines such as decongestants (a type of medicine that provides short term relief for a blocked nose). While it is a very effective medicine, even small overdoses can be fatal, because it is metabolised into non-toxic and toxic products in the liver. The recommended single dose for adults is 1000mg and up to 4000mg in a day. Paracetamol is hepatoxic, meaning that even in the therapeutic dosages stated previously, it can still harm hepatocytes (liver cells) and in combination with other drugs like alcohol the harmful effects are multiplied. Prolonged daily usage can result in upper gastrointestinal complications such as stomach bleeding. Untreated paracetamol overdoses (which would usually involve taking over the therapeutic dosages for several days) results in a lengthy and painful illness. People who overdose often wrongly assume it will render them unconscious, however this doesn’t happen, rather the process of dying takes around three to five days due to acute liver failure. Aims: To synthesise paracetamol in one step, starting from 4-aminophenol i.e. amide synthesis To try synthesise paracetamol in a microwave using a similar method to how aspirin is synthesised To recrystallise about half of my samples of paracetamol, leaving the other half crude To calculate the percentage yields of paracetamol, in both methods and compare them To perform analysis of my synthesised samples of paracetamol, both recrystallised and crude using analytical techniques such as Melting point test Thin layer chromatography Back Titration (which will give a quantitative analysis, concentrations) Infra-red spectroscopy 6) To then use the results of these analytical techniques to determine which method of synthesis produces The most pure paracetamol sample, The greatest percentage yield by comparing the percentage yields and purities of both the crude and recrystallised samples of both methods. To extract paracetamol from commercial tablets and compare the purity to my synthesised samples To then use the aims 6 and 7 to finally determine which method of synthesis of an amide, paracetamol, is most efficient. Chemical theory: Amines: (5) Amines are the organic chemistry relatives of Ammonia, they are derive by replacing one, two or all three of the hydrogen atoms with alkyl groups and this determines which type of amine it is. Replacing one of the hydrogen atoms gives a primary amine, replacing two a secondary amine and all three a tertiary amine. Below shows a primary amine being made from a halogenoalkane with bromine as the halogen, the alkyl group would vary depending on the specific primary amine desired. It is a substitution reaction, with the hydrogen on the ammonia being substituted for the alkyl group on the halogenoalkane. NH3 + RBr →RNH2 + HBr A primary amine (6) A secondary amine (7) Amines with low relative molecular masses are gases or volatile liquids, similarly to ammonia they also have strong smells, amines have a â€Å"fishy† smell. The properties of amines are quite similar to ammonia due to the fact both have the lone pair of electrons that open up a range of opportunities. Their properties are only slightly modified by their alkyl groups such as the state at room temperature. 4-Aminophenol, the building block of paracetamol (reacting 4-aminophenol with ethanoic anhydride gives paracetamol) is a primary amine. 4-Aminophenol (8) 4-Aminophenol is made by reacting phenol with sulphuric acid and sodium nitrate which gives two products, 1- nitrophenol and 2-nitrophenol. The 2-nitrophenol is then reacted with sodium borohyride, which produces 4-aminophenol. Step one in synthesis of 4-aminophenol (4) Step two in synthesis of 4-aminophenol (4) Very soluble in water Similarly to Ammonia, amines can form hydrogen bonds with water due to the highly electronegative nitrogen being bonded to the hydrogen atom; these are attracted to water molecules and vice versa. Amines with small alkyl groups are soluble but those with larger alkyl groups are insoluble because the alkyl groups disrupt the hydrogen bonding in the water. This is significant because 4-aminophenol being a building block of paracetamol it is a common impurity, therefore with the recrystallisation, it should in theory be removed very effectively as it should be very soluble and not reach its limit of solubility. This will be discussed later on. Act as a base Again similarly to ammonia, the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen can form a dative covalent bond with hydrogen atoms, meaning it acts as a base. In water the presence of hydroxide ions causes it to turn alkaline. If the ammonia/amine is placed with acid, then the acid will donate more protons than water, so the reaction will go on until completion, and therefore many ammonium ions/amine ions are formed and therefore the fishy smell is lost. This can impact on the effectiveness of a chromatogram in thin layer chromatography. Acting as a nucleophile: Ammonia as well as amines can act as nucleophiles, which is why they can form an amide when reacted with an acylating agent like ethanoic anhydride. When ammonia acts as a nucleophile it can react with a halogenoalkane or acylating agent to form an primary amide, the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom attack the positively polarised carbon atom and via a substitution reaction will replace the halogen (e.g. chlorine) or functional group of the acylating agent (e.g. HCL from ethanoyl chloride). This occurs by the electrons in the bond being donated to the halogen or specific functional group of the acylating agent. This breaks off with both electrons and therefore leaves the carbon with a high positive charge, allowing the negative nitrogen to form a dative covalent bond with the carbon. Amines also have a lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom and so can also attack electrophiles, such as the delta positive carbon atom on the acylating agent. Similarly to the ammonia rea ction, a nucleophillic substitution reaction occurs with the electron movements described above and the appropriate functional group is removed and replaced by the R-N-H forming the secondary amide, with the second hydrogen atom being removed from the primary amine along with the functional group. (9) Reaction of an primary amine with ethanoyl chloride an acylating agent, as can be seen the chlorine atom from the ethanoyl chloride is removed as well the hydrogen from the primary amine, producing HCL. This would’ve occurred as result of the nitrogen lone pair attacking the central carbon. The resulting secondary amide is produced when the R-N-H bonds to the carbon. Synthesis and hydrolysis of an Amide: (10) All amides contain the functional group CONH All amides contain this functional group (11) An amide can either be primary or secondary, primary amides have the general formula R-CONH2, the Nitrogen atom is bonded to two hydrogen atoms and then a carbon atom, which is double bonded to an oxygen, the fourth bond of the carbon is to the R group which can either be an alkyl group (methyl, ethyl etc.) or a benzene. These can be made by reacting Ammonia with an acylating agent such as an acyl chloride like Ethanoyl chloride. These are carboxylic acid derivatives that are reactive enough to form an amide. Hydrogen from the ammonia breaks off as well as the chlorine of the acyl chloride, forming HCL (g). The first carbon (with the double bond oxygen) then bonds with the Nitrogen this forms the functional group. The general formula for a primary amide Secondary amides differ in that the Nitrogen is only bonded to one hydrogen and the third bond goes to another R group, giving secondary amides the general formula R-CONH-R’. The R groups may be the same, or may differ. Paracetamol (N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanamide) as stated earlier has the molecular formula C6H9NO2, by looking at its structural formula shown below, it can be seen that it comprises of three main parts, starting from the left, in the box is the phenol group, one of the R groups of the amide, this explains the â€Å"hydroxyphenyl† part of paracetamols systematic name as it was originally part of the 4-aminophenol amine. Next in the oval, is the actual amide functional group, finally on the far right in the triangle is the other R group (R’) which in paracetamol is simply a methyl group. From all this we can determine that paracetamol is a secondary amide. (4) Secondary amides are made by reacting a primary amine with an acylating agent like Ethanoic anhydride, in my investigation, I will use ethanoic anhydride as my acylating agent. This occurs by the reaction mechanism of nucleophillic substitution, which is shown below in a curly arrow diagram, with ammonia being used as the nucleophile, attacking the carbon atom. Steps in Nucleophillic substitution: (12) The first thing to note is that, as explained earlier, ammonia (which is acting as the nucleophile in the example above) as well as amines can act as nucleophiles, due to the fact they have the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom, they have a partial negative charge which is attracted to an electrophile (has a partial positive charge), in this case the polarised carbon atom (as it is bonded to the highly electronegative oxygen atom) on the ethanoic anhydride. The first thing that happens is that the Nitrogen begins its â€Å"attack† on the partially positive, also known as delta positive, carbon. Because of the lone pair, it forms a dative covalent bond with the carbon Because it is dative, the carbon atom has gained an electron therefore at has been reduced, so it then donates an electron within the double bond with oxygen to the oxygen atom, this makes the already partially negatively charged oxygen to become negatively charged. There is now only a single bond between the carbon and oxygen. The carbon atom then donates an electron to the oxygen below it that it is also singly bonded to, releasing an ethanoate ion (CH3COO), this has given the carbon atom that donated the electron a positive charge as it has now had a net loss of one electron from its original electron configuration. This is now a carbocation. The reaction then goes back to the negatively charged oxygen that the central carbon donated its electron to earlier, what occurs now is that the oxygen donates the electron back, now that the central carbon is positively charged, this reforms the double bond between the now partially negative oxygen and partially positive carbon. The nitrogen that has bonded to the carbon then loses the third hydrogen atom as nitrogen can only form three bonds in a neutral organic compound, this happens by the hydrogen donating its electron to the nitrogen. The hydrogen then bonds to the ethanoate ion, forming ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) and ethanamide, ethan- the prefix coming from the two carbon atoms present and the suffix –amide due to the CONH functional group. The ethanoic acid produced then will react with any excess ammonia to form ammonium ethanoate, this is because ammonia and amines can act as bases due to the reasons stated earlier, the hydrogen on the ethanoic acid breaks off and bonds to the nitrogen atom. The â€Å"curly arrow† diagram of this reaction is shown below, the stage number relates to the mechanism diagram shown above it and described above, step 1 is omitted because it is an introduction, the first step of the reaction mechanism, is step 2 i.e. shown below step 2 is the attacking of the nitrogen nucleophile to the

Labelling People Essay example -- essays research papers

Labelling A label defines an individual as a certain kind of person. Defining an act as deviant or criminal is not a simple straight forward process. A label is not neutral, it contains an evaluation of the person to whom it is applied. It is a ‘Master Status’ in the sense that it overshadows all the other statuses possessed by the individual. If an individual is labelled as criminal, mentally ill or gay, such labels tend to override the individuals status as father, husband, worker, friend or neighbour. Whether or not the label is applied will depend on how the act is interpreted by the audience. This in turn will depend on who commits the act and where and when it was committed. Deviance is amongst other things a consequence of the response of others to a persons act. Students of deviance can not assume that they are dealing with a homogenous category. When they study people who have been labelled deviant (Howard Becker) If the agents of social control define youngsters as delinquents for breaking the law, those youngsters become deviant. They have been labelled as such by those who have the power to make labels stick. However Becker argued ‘deviance is not a quality that lies in behaviour itself but in the interaction between the person who commits an act and those who respond to it’. From this point of view, deviance is produced by a process of interaction between the potential deviant and the agents of control. Becker then examined the possible effects on an individual being labelled as deviant and that a deviant label can lead to further deviance. However, Becker argued that this process is by no means inevitable, ex-convicts do get jobs and go straight, drug addicts do sometimes give up their habit ... ...e due to lack of empirical support and a conservative political climate (www.mpcc.cc.ne.us). Becker (1963) believes the future of labelling lies in the widespread empirical study of deviance and the various kinds of deviance. In conclusion, once an individual is labelled deviant, the pressure within society to conform to the ‘said norm’ is an ever demanding and increasing pressure. Whilst the intention of the said individual may well be to follow the path of ‘ normal individuals’, once labelled, for whit ever reason it is ever increasingly difficult to return to the ‘normal way of life’ without this shadow overwhelming most. References Becker H.S. 1963 Outsiders The Free Press New York (Pg 9) Becker H.S. 1963 Outsiders The Free Press New York (Holstein 1993, www.sscf.ucsb.edu) (www.mpcc.cc.ne.us)

Anniversairy suprise †Short Story Essay

John and Wendy had always been the perfect couple. They had practically invented â€Å"happily ever after†. After eight years together they were the couple with everything; the perfect relationship, a lifestyle their friends envied and a future others could only dream of.  On their anniversary Wendy always made their evening unforgettable. This would be no exception. She was up early to cook him a delightful breakfast, she gave him a kiss on the lips and straightened his collar before he walked out the door. She began to clean the house from top to bottom and with her shopping list carefully prepared she backed the car out of the garage and set off for the shops. After stocking up at the super market and the butcher, Wendy picked up a special anniversary surprise, before she booked her appointment at the hairdressers. She wanted to look her best for him so he would always appreciate that he was married to the woman of his dreams.  It was a wet and windy day, umbrellas were being blown inside out and people were huddling for shelter. Wendy’s hair was windblown and her face was wet from the rain sweeping across the railway platform. As the doors of the train opened there was a rush of cold, damp and flustered passengers filling the carriage. Seats were full and standing passengers were pressed up against complete strangers. This was how John and Wendy met. John apologised for splashing her and when she turned to reply she knew then that there was a connection. In the months and years that followed their relationship strengthened but their lives took separate paths. Johns law career took off and his reputation and popularity soared. Wendy, however, found herself in his shadow. Her struggle to publish a novel was fraught with disappointment and missed opportunities. There talks were all of his clients, his cases and his victories. Her world was a solitary one, with little to celebrate. The demands of his job increased, his hours at work consumed more of his time and she began to wonder what absorbed so much of his attention. His accounts of lunches with clients, weekend conferences and late night briefings contributed to her insecurity.She needed to find a solution to her dilemma.  It was the evening of their anniversary. She poured him a glass of wine, a shiraz, his favourite year, the year they met. This would be an unforgettable vintage.†Darling lets drink to our future together†. He raised his glass and swirled the claret. â€Å"To us† he exclaimed and emptied his glass. The glass shattered as it hit the wooden floor. John grimaced and swayed – finally, falling to his knees, while clutching his chest. In an instant he was dead. She cleared away the dishes from the table and wiped clean the kitchen top. There was a knock at the door. Stepping carefully over the lifeless body of her now former husband, she walked towards the door. She turned the latch, a cold gust entering the hallway as she opened the door. She switched on the light revealing the silhouette of a man. He whispered † Is everything taken care of? I have the tickets.† She nodded giving away not † Now we can begin our new life together. Get your bags†

Definition and Examples of Conciseness in Writing

Definition and Examples of Conciseness in Writing The term conciseness refers to speech or writing that is brief and to the point. In a concise composition, a great deal is conveyed in just a few words. Its not about just writing short sentences, though, but getting across the most important information economically, without  repetition, unnecessary jargon, needless details, and tangents. Concise writing keeps the reader engaged and doesnt waste his time with  circumlocution, padding, and verbosity. Without unnecessary clutter, the reader is more likely to understand the message, remember it, and even act on it, if thats the point of the piece. First Steps: Before the Draft The first steps in writing concisely overall begin as soon as the project starts, when you narrow down your topic to the thesis statement, story you want to ​tell, or message you need to convey. Before you even start drafting, you may sketch out ideas, necessary avenues of research, or plot points. Organize the best ideas in your outline, cutting some of the unnecessary before you even write a word. This enables you to target your writing and not waste time developing sections that arent necessary to the goal of the article, essay, report, or story.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ Drafting On your first draft, the main task is getting through it from start to finish. During the research phase, you may have discarded or added some points to your outline, making your thesis stronger. The cutting can continue throughout composing the first draft (and beyond). Get through that first draft, composing your main points. You dont have to write it from beginning to end; sometimes its easier to start in the middle and come back to the introduction and conclusion, sprinkling in the perfect cited quotes or the tense scene of dialogue in just the right spot. The perfect quotes from sources in articles, essays, and reports can actually save a lot of words spent narrating. Watch the ratio of quoted material and paraphrased sources to your own writing, though. Use only the best material as direct quotes for maximum impact. Summarize and paraphrase your research (cite paraphrases) in your own words. The piece needs to be your work in the end.   When youre satisfied with the draft, take a break. Youve accomplished something significant. And yes, the break is necessary, because you need to come back to the piece with fresh eyes to see what can be cut next. Author Elie Wiesel describes the process this way: Writing is not like painting where you add. It is not what you put on the canvas that the reader sees. Writing is more like a sculpture where you remove, you eliminate in order to make the work visible. Even those pages you remove somehow remain. There is a difference between a book of two hundred pages from the very beginning, and a book of two hundred pages, which is the result of an original eight hundred pages. The six hundred pages are there. Only you don’t see them. (Elie Wiesel: Conversations, edited by Robert Franciosi. University Press of Mississippi, 2002) Big-Picture Revision Depending on your works length, your revision step may first be large-scale trimming of sections or chapters, or you may start at the paragraph or sentence level. With a longer work, its useful to take a step back and compare the thesis statement and outline to the draft. Do you have sections, points, examples, or paragraphs that stray from your topic? Do they move the information or story forward? Will the reader still understand your point without them? We often meet large-scale cutting with reluctance, so it softens the blow to have a cuttings document. You move it rather than delete it. The work is still there if you feel later you need some bits of it, but its not slowing down or cluttering up the paper youre refining. It could even be the start of another piece later. This is where eliminating some tangents before drafting really pays dividends. Roy Peter Clark,  author of Writing Tools has this advice: [B]egin by pruning the big limbs. You can shake out the dead leaves later. Cut any passage that does not support your focus. Cut the weakest  quotations,  anecdotes, and scenes to give greater power to the strongest. Cut any passage you have written to satisfy a tough teacher or editor rather than the common reader. Dont invite others to cut. You know the work better. Mark optional trims. Then decide whether they should become actual cuts. Sentence-Level: Redundancy and Repetition After youve honed your message, the sentence level is where the scissors and scalpel come in, and the hatchet goes back in the closet. First look at the remaining paragraphs for spots where youve said the same thing in multiple ways. The area is likely something difficult to explain or complex. Solutions: Take these sentences and combine the best parts of them or start over explaining that particular point.   Example: The ability of the different bird species to eat seeds depends on beak style and shape. Its form dictates function. The beak needs to be powerful enough to break seeds, and those that eat mainly fruit or leaves may not be able to eat seeds due to their types and shapes of beak. Reworded fix: Whether different bird species can eat seeds depends on their beak style. For example, seed eaters beaks are shaped differently and stronger than those species that eat mainly fruit or leaves because seed eaters need to break hulls. The moral of the story: Dont be afraid to recast sentences to condense ideas. The beak shape and style was referenced explicitly more than needed. Your reader will be able to follow along if youre clear. And concise sentences are often more clear than wordy  ones. Sentence-Level: Wordiness Next, look for sentences that are really long. Read them out loud. Do you have to take a breath? Does the meaning get lost? Do they sound awkward to the ear? Solutions: Take out explanations put in parentheses or dashes, which send a reader on a winding path. These can be their own sentences. Break one into two to three or two long sentences (more than 25–30 words each) up into three or four. Itll help you to be clear and the reader to grasp whats going on. Recast passive voice.  Example:  Following the author’s study of The Naval Chronicle, which goes into detail on the wars with Napoleon, a trip aboard a freighter from California to Central America, and his trip back home to Britain, the first book in the series was plotted.Fix: The author studied The Naval Chronicle, which details the Napoleonic wars, and took a freighter from California to Central America. By the time he returned to Britain, hed plotted the series first book.The moral of the story: The extra-long sentence has a long parenthetical in the middle of a series of items, passive voice, consecutive prepositional phrases, and wordiness. The information flows more smoothly when made into two sentences following a more chronological path than starting with a dependent clause. Rephrase passive there is/are constructions. Example: There is a rule on the books that covers fencing styles for the homeowners association.Fixes: The homeowners association has a rule on the books that covers fencing style. OR The homeowners association rulebook covers fencing style.The moral of the story: Eliminating to be verbs automatically makes your sentences better. Getting rid of there is often also gets rid of that. Cut excess adjectives and adverbs: Will your sentence be understood without the adjectives or adverbs? Cut them, if so.   Example: She walked very slowly.Fix: She plodded along.The moral of the story:  Changing the verb makes for a stronger image. Qualifiers and intensifiers are often just filler. Other fixes: ​ Cut jargon.  Your work will be more accessible if you dont make your prose too flowery. Keep it simple.Use shorter words instead of long ones.  Cut  empty phrases  and  common redundancies.   Author Annie Dillard sums it up like this in Notes for Young Writers: Dont use any extra words. A sentence is like a machine; it has a job to do. An extra word in a sentence is like a sock in a machine.

Planning an Integrated Marketing Communications Campaign

Planning an Integrated Marketing Communications Campaign Situation Analysis Athletic footwear industry is very much concentrated (Eric 2006). The industry consists of a large number of smaller and segmented players. One of the key characteristics which define the industry is the purpose and price of the shoes. However, there is a given degree of overlap amongst the various shoe categories especially with regard to casual wear and performance shoes.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Planning an Integrated Marketing Communications Campaign specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, a considerable proportion of individuals wear athletic shoes in non-athletic settings. This is an indication that there is a potential for an increment in the size of the market for athletic shoes. Currently, large firms dominate the athletic shoe industry account for 95% of the entire market while small firms account for only 5%. Some of the key competitor s in the industry includes Adidas, Nike, Reebok, Puma, Skechers, Van, K-Swiss, Asics, Saucony and New Balance (Eric 2006). Nike Incorporation is the leading firm within the athletic footwear industry. The firm deals with designing and marketing various a variety of athletic footwear. Nike Air Max is one of the leading athletic footwear produced by the company. The product is effectively designed to appeal the consumer. Nike Air Max has an air cushioning and an innovative foam cushioning. This makes it to be effective with regard to impact absorbing. A thin plate is sandwiched between the cushioning systems to ensure effective support of the feet (Loscher 2006). The price of a pair of Nike Air Max shoes varies from $ 99 to $149 for men while ladies shoes range from $99 to $ 119 (Loscher 2006). A significant proportion of consumers consider Nike Air Max to be of high quality and stylish. In 2004, Nike had a market share of 42% as illustrated in the pie chart below. The lucrative nature of the industry in relation to p rofitability has led to a large number of investors venturing the industry. The resultant effect has been an increment in the degree of rivalry. The high degree of rivalry has had a negative effect on the firm as it is evident in the reduction in its market share. In order to attain a high competitive advantage, firms in the athletic footwear industry are adopting various market positioning strategies. One of these strategies relate to formation of mergers and acquisition. For example, in 2003, Nike Incorporation acquired Converse Company.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This was followed by the Reebok and Adidas merge in 2005 (Fried, Shapiro Deschriver 2007). Currently, Nike Incorporation has a market share of 33% of the entire global footwear industry (Cuizon 2009). Company Market share (%) Nike 42 Adidas 27 Puma 6 Reebok 12 New Balance 5 Asi cs 1 K-Swiss 2 Saucony 1 Vans 1 Sketchers 3 The success of a firm in the global market is dependent on a number of macroeconomic factors. These relate to both internal and externla environment. The key external enviroments relate to political, economic, social and technological environment. Political analysis The United States government has developed and implemented effective policies which have played a significant role in the success of Nike athletic brands (Eric 2006). Some of these policies relate to low interest rates, economic stability such as taxation policies and ensuring stability in the currency. This has enabled Nike’s athletic footwear products to be competitive internationally. Economic analyis The athletic footwear industry was adversely affected by the global economic recession. The table below gives an illustration of the change in sales during the period ranging from 2007 to 2009 in the United States. Percentage change on the basis of dollar volume sales Percentage change 2007-2008 Percentage change 2008-2009 Total athletic footwear -3.2 -1.4 Girl’s -5.9 0.6 Boy’s -4.6 1 Men’s 0.4 3.0 Women’s 6.4 0.6 Infant -13.3 -4.8 From the table, it is evident that there was a significant reduction in sales in 2008 compared to 2009. The total sales reduced by 3.2% in 2008 and by 1.4% in 2009 (Boyle 2010). As a result of the 2007 global economic recession, the firm experienced a reduction in its sales which persisted to 2009 as a result of reduction in consumer purchases. The firm’s cost of operation was further driven up by the economic crisis in Asia considering the fact that the firm manufacures its products in Asia.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Planning an Integrated Marketing Communications Campaign specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Social analysis Currently, there is a shift in the consumption behavi or amongst the consumers. One of the major trends relate to increased health consciousness. As a result, there has been a significant increase in the number of individuals joining fitness clubs (Eric 2006). The change in consumption behavior has led into an upward shift in demand for various fitness products such as shoes and apparels. This presents a feasible business opportunity for Nike Incorporation to exploit through marketing of Nike Air Max. This arises from the fact that Nike Air Max is specially designed to ensure comfort and flexibility of the consumer. Technology analysis In the 21st century, there has been an increment in the rate of technological innovation. This has led into transformation of businesses in various economic sectors (Eric 2006). In an effort to attain a high competitive advantage, Nike Incorporation has integrated information technology in its operation. Some of the areas in which this has been applied relate to production, marketing and distribution. Wi th regard to marketing, this has been achieved through incorporation of Marketing Information Systems. This has enabled the firm to attain a high competitive edge compared to its competitors. Internal Analysis SWOT analysis Strengths High competitiveness through effective sponsoring of sports especially athletics. Effective operation via adoption of a lean organization strategy. Nike Incorporation own buildings or manufacturing workers. This enables the firm to be flexible in its production processes. The firm has a strong research and development team which enables the firm to be innovative. The firm has attained publicity globally thus enabling it to market its products effectively on a global scale. Weaknesses Despite the fact that the firm has diversified its products, athletic footwear products are the major source of income. This means that the firm’s strength is vulnerable if its market share of footwear products is eroded. The firm has been greatly criticized o ver incidences of underpayment, child labor and overworking its employees. Opportunities There is a high probability of Nike improving its market share through new product development. The firm can increase its profitability by venturing into new market segments such as selling Jewelry and sunglasses. High probability of developing its business internationally by venturing into markets in emerging economies such as China. Threats Considering the fact that the company operates on an international scale, the firm is exposed to numerous risks such as exchange rate fluctuations and economic recession which may lead into loss. Athletic footwear industry is very competitive. Competitors are increasingly developing products aimed at capturing a proportion of Nike’s market share. Consumers have become very price sensitive. Objectives Communication objectives Varey (2002) posits that the success of every firm is dependent on the effectiveness with which the firm has estab lished a relationship with the consumers. Currently, there has been an increment in the degree of similarity amongst various product categories with regard to performance, design and price which are the core benefits sought by the consumers. As a result, it has become vital for firm’s to draw consumer’s attention. One of the ways through which this can be achieved is by marketing communication (Egan 2007). According to Masterman and Wood (2006), setting communication objective is vital in the marketing communication process. This arises from the fact that objectives act as keystone upon which the firm sets the direction and limits of the strategic decisions.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Considering the competitive nature of the industry, Nike Incorporation intends to increases awareness of its Nike Air Max with a margin of 25% within a period of one year. Awareness of Nike Air Max will be made across consumers of varying demographics. In order to attain this, the firm intends to create intense awareness of its Nike Air Max shoe. Some of the key consideration in the communication process is to create global awareness amongst potential consumers on the characteristics of the Nike Air Max. Through effective communication, it will be possible for the firm to influence consumers in their decision making process. This arises from the fact that the communication will not only be informative but also persuasive. Market share Through communication, the firm intends to increase the size of its overall market share from its current level of 33% to 50% within a period of one year. According to the latest report released in August 2010, Nike had a market share of 62% amongst th e athletics footwear products (Nike Sneaker 2010). Through its Nike Air Max market communication campaign, the firm intends to increase its market share with a margin of 20%. This will be achieved by selling the product to new customer categories and by venturing into new markets. The firm also intends to increase the volume of its Nike Air Max athletic shoes with a margin of 15% within two months. Effect on Competition It is the firm’s objective to attain a high competitive edge with regard to creating product awareness. The firm intends to be ranked as the most effective with regard to brand promotion. As a result of brand promotion, the firm will be able to communicate to the consumers on the benefits associated with consuming the product. In addition, it will be possible for the firm to influence consumers’ attitude towards Nike Air Max. Marketing communication will ensure that consumers associate the product with high value which will play a significant role in re ducing the intensity of competition that Nike Air Max is currently facing from other athletics footwear products. According to O’Guinn, Allen and Semenik (2008), effective brand promotion through market communication campaign can result into consumers developing confidence that they are receiving value for their money. Target The success of a market communication process is dependent on the effectiveness with which the right audience have been identified (Shah 2009). The target audience refers to whom the firm intends to communicate to (Jobber 2007). In marketing communication planning, various audiences are identified depending on the target markets. Identifying the target audience is vital in market communication process. This arises from the fact that the proper identification of the target audience has a direct impact on the effectiveness of the marketing communication. Considering the fact that marketing communication planning is aimed at stimulating sales of a particula r product, selecting the target audience is paramount in influencing the consumers’ decision making process (Kodish Pettegrew 2008). For example, in a family setting, the father has an upper hand in making decision regarding the purchase of electronic products. This means that firms marketing electronic products would consider the father as the core target audience (Shah 2009). To be effective in targeting the audience, various descriptive variables should be put into consideration. Some of the variables relate to demographics, lifestyle, geographics and psychographics. In addition, benefit sought and usage as the core behavioral variables should also be put into consideration (Koekemoer Bird 2004). In marketing Nike Air Max, Nike Incorporation uses both genders (male and female) in identifying its target audience. This has enabled the firm to design and develop Nike Air Max footwear which meets the demand of the customers of varying ages. Apart from using demographic varia bles in targeting its audience for Nike Air Max, Nike Incorporation also targets consumers who are style conscious. In the process of targeting, developing and marketing Nike Air Max, the firm’s marketing department also puts greater emphasis on consumers who consider enhancing their image. The change in consumer behavior presents a feasible market opportunity considering the fact that the change is not only amongst the non athletics consumers but also athletic consumers. Nike Incorporation has also incorporated institutional consumers such as athletic clubs as a part of its target audience. Developing the strategy In order for Nike Incorporation to be effective in marketing Nike Air Max, the firm’s management team has incorporated the concept of Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) (Pickton Broderick 2005). Decision to incorporate IMC arose from the fact that the firm intends to create awareness of Nike Air Max to diverse customer categories. In its IMC strategy, Nike Incorporation has integrated both traditional and emerging market communication strategies. Some of the traditional market communication strategies that the firm’s management team has considered incorporating include advertising, public relations, sales promotion and direct marketing. According to O’Guin, Allen and Semenik (2008) advertising creates value in a product by instilling a positive perception amongst the consumers. In its advertising strategy, the firm has makes use of various mediums such as television, radio and use of print media such as magazines and newspapers. Outdoor advertising is also used through incorporation of billboards which are strategically located. The firm uses the simple and catchy ‘Just do it’ slogan and the Nike Swoosh in all its advertisements. Use of the logo and the slogan has contributed towards the consumers developing a positive attitude towards Nike Air Max. According to Cashmore (2009), the swoosh logo has ove r the years been associated with victory. Considering the fact that the firm targets institutional consumers as part of its core customers, the firm’s management team has integrated direct marketing so as to be effective in marketing Nike Air Max amongst these consumers. Through direct marketing, Nike Incorporation marketing department is able to identify and develop a relationship with the institution’s decision making unit thus influencing its decision making process. In an effort to develop a positive public image, Nike Incorporation has integrated public relations. This is achieved through sponsoring various sports. In marketing Nike Air Max brand, Nike Incorporation has integrated the concept of sports sponsorship. According Arnis and Cornwell (2005), Nike Incorporation has been able to venture into new markets through sports sponsorship. For example, in an effort to venture the Australian market, Nike sponsored Shane Warne who is a national cricketer. This enable d the firm to develop an affiliation with the Austrian culture hence creating an edge in marketing its products in Australia. Sales promotion in form of price and quantity discounts is also integrated in marketing Nike Air Max. In order to create product awareness to a large number of customers, Nike Incorporation has integrated emerging market communication technologies (Doren, Fechner Green 2000). Some of these tools include use of the internet marketing through inclusion of Nike Air Max in the firm’s website. In addition, the firm has also incorporated social communication networks such as Facebook, Twitter, MySpace and You Tube. The firm will also enter into a contract with search engines such as Google and Yahoo. Through the contract, the firm will be able to post Nike Air Max in the search engine. Use of search engines and social communication networks will enable a wide number of consumers to be informed about Nike Air Max. Budget To ensure the success of the marketin g communication campaign, the firm’s management team has set a substantial amount of money in its marketing budget. The table below gives an illustration of the estimated cost. Cost item Amount in $ Advertising -Print media (Newspaper, Magazines, Bill boards) Athletics sponsorship 500,000 Internet marketing (use of Google and Yahoo) 450,000 Social networks (YouTube,Facebook,Twitter,MySpace) 1,000,000 Estimated cost 1,950,000 Evaluation Over the past three years, Nike Incorporation has experienced an increment in its net income. The firm’s financial year ends on 31st May every year. During the 2008-2009 financial years, the firm witnessed a reduction in its net income as a result of its financial year. However, this trend was negated during its 2009-201 financial year. The table below gives an illustration of the firm’s financial performance over the past four years. All figures are in million dollars. Item 2010 2009 2008 2007 Total a sales r evenue $ 19,014. 0 19,176.1 18,627.0 16,325.9 Total cost of revenue 10,213.6 , 10,571.7 10,239.6 9,165.4 Gross profit 8,800.4 8,604.4 8,387.4 7,160.5 Operating Income 2,516.9 1,956.5 2,502.9 2,199.9 Net Profit before profit 2,516.9 1,956.5 2,502.9 2,199.9 Income tax 610.2 469.8 619.5 708.4 Net Profit after tax 1,906.7 1,486.7 1,883.4 1,491.5 Upon implementing the market communication campaign, the firm’s management team will conduct continuous evaluation on its effectiveness. Considering the fact that it is challenging to measure communication, the firm’s marketing department will evaluate the changes in its sales revenue. This will aid in the determination of whether the campaign is successful with regard to sales enhancement. Reference List Arnis, J. Cornwell, B., 2005. Global sports sponsorship. London: Berg Publishers. Boyle, B., 2010. NPD reports on athletic footwear and sports apparel market. ( Online). Available at: npd.com/press/releases/press_1 00310.html . Cashmore, E., 2010. Making sense of sports. New York: Taylor and Francis. Cuizon, G., 2009. Marketing audit of Nike’s strategies. PEST analysis of Nike. Web. Available at: suite101.com/content/marketing-audit-of-nikes-strategies-a94402 . Doren, D., Fechner, D. Green, K. 2000. Promotional strategies on the World Wide Web.  Journal of Marketing Communications. Vol. 6, issue 1 pp. 21-35. Egan, John, 2007. Marketing Communications. London: Thomson Learning Eric, C., 2006. Athletic footwear: industry analysis. Massachusetts: Tufts University. Fried, G., Shapiro, S. Deschriver, T., 2007. Sports finance. London: Human Kinetics. Jobber, D., 2007. Principles and practice of marketing. Berkshire: McGraw-Hill Education. Koekemoer, L. Bird, S. 2004. Marketing communications. New York: Juta and Company Limited. Kodish, S. Pettegrew, L., 2008.Enlightened communication is the key to building relationships. Journal of Relationship Marketing. Vol. 7, issue 2. New York: The Haworth Press. Loscher, A., 2006. Athletic footwear and running injuries. ( Online). Available at: http://andrewloscher.com/ArticlesBlog/tabid/197/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/9/ATHLETIC-FOOTWEAR-AND-RUNNING-INJURIES.aspx . Masterman, G. Wood, E., 2006. Innovative marketing communications: strategies for the  events industry. New York: Butterworth. O’Guinn, T., Allen, C. Semenik, R., 2008. Advertising and integrated brand promotion. New Jersey: Cengage Learning. Nike Sneaker. 2010. Sales report of footwear industry August 2010. Web. Available at: nsneakers.com/2010/09/08/sales-report-of-footwear-industry-august-2010/ . Pickton, D. Broderick, A., 2005. Integrated marketing communications. New York: FT Prentice Hall. Shah, N., 2009. Advertising and promotion. Ottawa: Tata McGraw-Hill. Varey, R., 2002. Marketing communication: principles and practices. New York: Rout ledge.

Summary of pepsi conduct(only page#4) Assignment

Summary of pepsi conduct(only page#4) - Assignment Example These are to be safeguarded and maintained in a secure status ensuring prevention of unauthorized access to the system through sharing one’s passwords and through reproduction of licensed soft wares owned by the company. Should any stakeholder suspect any violations of the Code, or if any situation warrants closer evaluation due to possible violations of any state or federal law, is encouraged to report the matter immediately to the Human Resources Department or to a PepsiCo Speak up Line stipulated therein. Anyone reporting an incident suspected to be a violation of the Code is promised confidentiality of matter. Likewise, anyone proven to have retaliated against the person who exercised one’s rights under the Code would be subject to appropriate remedial action. Those found to have violated the provisions of the Code and any applicable law would be subject to legal proceedings. Finally, the employees are expected to conform to the conditions of the Code and managers are enjoined to serve as role models, manifesting compliance to ethical standards and exemplifying morals of good conduct. Should there remain some issues that need to be resolved, everyone is encouraged to seek the advice of one’s Human Resources manager or the PepsiCo Law Department to address one’s

Analyzing the expected profits of two firms Assignment

Analyzing the expected profits of two firms - Assignment Example Through illustration, when the two companies decide in applying this strategy their equilibrium will be In this scenario, King Company and Babil Company both have a dominant option of advertising. No matter what Babil does, King Company will improve his promotion by advertising and vice-versa. However, something odd about the game it seems that the two companies will benefit more when they choose not to advertise. Instead of one gaining 300 and the other losing 80 and vice-versa, they could win 150 each. Therefore, the rational choice of mutual not advertising has a self-destructive flavor that is puzzling. In game theory concept the optimal outcome of the two firms is where no firm has incentives in deviating from the set advertisement strategies after the choice of the opponent is considered. Overall, no firm can receive an incremental benefit of altering actions, assuming the firms remain similar in the strategies. The Nash equilibrium will exists when no firm change their advertisement strategy, despite understanding the opponents strategy. Logically the two companies choose not to advertise and receive payoff of 150. If a person reveals the strategy of King to Babil and vice-versa, no firm will deviate from not advertising. Knowing the move of King, and do not change the behavior of the Babil, the outcome of the two companies not advertising represent the Nash

Managing marketing relationships Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Managing marketing relationships - Article Example Finally, revenue does not necessarily increase with time for all types of customers (Reinartz & Kumar, 2000). But relationship marketing still has been adopted with aim to: build grater customer loyalty and relation; develop methods of creating longer term relationships; Lead ultimately to increase sales and profits. To build up customer loyalty, three kinds of marketing tools were designed: economic, psychological (creating links) and structural (partnerships) (Berry and Parasumaran, 1991). In order to increase loyalty relationship marketing has came into existence.Relationship marketing has been defined by Gronroos (1990, 1991, 1994) who has consistently argued for the importance of ensuring that relationships with customers should be continuously developed: "Marketing is to establish, maintain and enhance relationships with customers and other partners, at a profit, so that the objectives of the parties involve are met. This is achieved by a Mutual exchange and fulfillment of prom ises." Gronroos argues that all marketing strategies lie on a continuum ranging from transactional to relational marketing where relationship marketing can be judged in terms of measures of customer retention rather than marketing share. RM requires the effective acquisition and retention of customers for the building of a more efficient operation and ultimately, a stronger competitive position. Now being familiar with a bank doing retail banking in the country, and having 500 branches and over 2 million customers. I will try to discuss the relationship marketing strategies for the particular bank. It is an important aspect of retail banking to... The reasoning behind retaining the customer is simple i.e. if we want to be profitable and increase it, hold on to the good customers. To identify the good customers’ bank has divided the customers in several tiers in terms of profitability and that these tiers often have quite different service expectations and needs. According to Valarie Zeithaml, Roland Rust and Katharine Lemony (2001) it’s critical that organizations must understand the needs of customers. Customers within different profitability tiers and adjust their service level accordingly. Bank has developed customers around various levels of contribution, different needs (including sensitivities to such variables as price, comfort and speed) and identifiable personal profiles such as demographics. Bank has stratified its customers according to their requirements. At the top level, customers, who constitute a very small percentage of a bank’s customer’ base. They are heavy users of services and c ontribute a large share of the profits generated in the bank. Typically this segment is relatively less price sensitive but expects highest service levels in return and is likely to willing to invest in and try new services. The next tier forms a larger percentage of customers than the top one’s and contributes less profit to the bank in comparison to top ones. They tend to be slightly more price sensitive and less committed to the firm. The third level of customers provides the bulk of customer base.